The Supreme Court has four major sets of cases left to decide before late June, touching birthright citizenship, removal power, transgender sports, and gun rights.
The Supreme Court is approaching the end of its October 2025 term with several high-stakes cases still undecided, including challenges to the Trump administration's executive order limiting birthright citizenship, the president's authority to remove members of independent agencies, transgender athlete participation under Title IX and the Equal Protection Clause, and a Second Amendment challenge to federal gun-possession restrictions [1]. Rulings are expected within weeks as the Court moves toward its traditional late-June adjournment [1].
The pending cases span at least four distinct legal battles. In *Trump v. Barbara*, the justices will rule on whether the executive order restricting birthright citizenship comports with the Fourteenth Amendment [1]. In *Trump v. Slaughter*, the Court will address whether the president can remove members of independent regulatory agencies, a decision that carries direct implications for the legal insulation of the Federal Reserve [1]. *Little v. Heacox* and *West Virginia v. B.P.J.* present parallel constitutional and statutory questions about state laws barring transgender athletes from competing in sports consistent with their gender identity [1]. *United States v. Hemani* asks whether federal statutes prohibiting firearm possession by felons and drug users survive Second Amendment scrutiny under the Court's 2022 *Bruen* historical-tradition framework [1]. All four sets of cases have been fully argued and are awaiting opinions [1].
The cluster carries compounding significance. A ruling in *Slaughter* that broadly expands removal power could unsettle the statutory independence of financial regulators beyond the Federal Reserve, including the FDIC and the SEC [1]. A decision in *Trump v. Barbara* would mark the first time the Court has directly interpreted the citizenship clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in the context of an executive limitation, resolving a constitutional question that lower courts have split on in the current litigation cycle [1]. The transgender sports cases, consolidated from separate circuits, will give the Court its most direct opportunity yet to define the scope of Title IX's sex-discrimination protections alongside equal protection doctrine [1].
No ruling dates have been announced. The Court typically releases opinions on Thursdays and Fridays during the final weeks of the term, with the last batch expected before the end of June [1]. Observers will watch whether the justices issue any of these decisions together or in separate releases, a sequencing choice that can itself signal how the Court is managing the downstream political and legal fallout of the opinions.