The Supreme Court has roughly 30 decisions pending as of late May, covering birthright citizenship, FTC firing power, transgender sports, and TPS status.
The Supreme Court entered late May 2025 with approximately 30 decisions still pending, including cases that could fundamentally alter birthright citizenship, executive removal authority, transgender athletes' eligibility for women's sports, election administration rules, and the immigration status of hundreds of thousands of Temporary Protected Status holders [1]. The rulings are expected to issue through late June, the Court's traditional term-end window [2].
The pending docket spans several distinct legal battlegrounds. In Trump v. Barbara, argued April 1, the Court is considering whether the executive branch may restrict birthright citizenship guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment; oral-argument posture suggests the Court is likely to reject the broadest restrictions the administration has sought [1]. In Trump v. Slaughter, the justices are examining how far a president may go in removing Federal Trade Commission commissioners, a case with direct implications for the independence of federal regulatory agencies [2]. Two consolidated transgender athlete cases, Little v. Hecox and West Virginia v. B.P.J., ask the Court to define the permissible scope of state laws barring transgender women and girls from participating in female athletic competitions [1]. Watson v. RNC centers on whether mail ballots received after Election Day may be counted when state law sets a grace period, a question with immediate relevance to midterm election administration [1]. Mullin v. Doe and Trump v. Miot challenge the executive's authority to terminate TPS designations, and oral argument signals the Court may give the administration wider latitude on TPS than on birthright citizenship [1] [2].
The collective significance of these cases is difficult to overstate. A ruling curtailing birthright citizenship would mark the most significant reinterpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment in the Court's modern history. A decision expanding presidential removal power in Trump v. Slaughter would accelerate the erosion of agency independence that began with Seila Law LLC v. CFPB in 2020. The TPS rulings could strip protected status from hundreds of thousands of immigrants who have resided in the United States for decades [2]. The transgender athlete decisions will set the constitutional and statutory baseline for dozens of pending challenges in lower courts [1].
The Court is expected to issue remaining opinions on decision days through late June [1]. Litigation in the lower courts in each of these areas is likely to resume within weeks of the rulings, as parties seek to apply, distinguish, or challenge whatever standards the Court establishes.